Physiotherapy for Knee Injuries: Meniscus, Ligament, and Post-Surgery Rehabilitation
Introduction
Knee injuries are common among athletes, active individuals, and even the general population due to accidents, falls, or age-related degeneration. Common injuries include meniscus tears, ligament injuries (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL), and post-surgical rehabilitation. These injuries often result in pain, swelling, limited movement, and reduced functionality.
Physiotherapy is essential for restoring strength, mobility, and stability of the knee joint, helping patients return to daily activities or sports safely and effectively.
Understanding Knee Injuries
1. Meniscus Tears
• Definition: Damage to the C-shaped cartilage that cushions the knee joint.
• Causes: Twisting or sudden changes in direction, sports injuries, or degeneration.
• Symptoms: Pain, swelling, locking, or difficulty fully bending/straightening the knee.
2. Ligament Injuries
• ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament): Common in sports; instability when pivoting.
• PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament): Usually from direct trauma to the front of the knee.
• MCL/LCL (Medial/Lateral Collateral Ligament): Side impact injuries; instability.
• Symptoms: Pain, swelling, instability, difficulty walking or bearing weight.
3. Post-Surgical Knee Rehabilitation
• Surgery may include meniscus repair, ligament reconstruction, or knee replacement.
• Physiotherapy is crucial to regain range of motion, strength, and functional independence.
Goals of Physiotherapy for Knee Injuries
1. Pain and Swelling Reduction: Control inflammation to allow early movement.
2. Restore Range of Motion (ROM): Prevent stiffness and regain joint flexibility.
3. Strengthen Muscles: Quadriceps, hamstrings, glutes, and calves support the knee.
4. Improve Stability and Balance: Prevent re-injury and improve functional performance.
5. Functional Recovery: Safe return to daily and sports activities.
Physiotherapy Techniques for Knee Injuries
1. Acute Phase (Immediately Post-Injury or Surgery)
• RICE Protocol: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
• Pain Relief: TENS, ice therapy, gentle massage
• Early Mobilization: Gentle passive and assisted ROM to prevent stiffness
2. Sub-Acute Phase (1–3 Weeks Post-Injury/Surgery)
• Range of Motion Exercises: Heel slides, knee bends, wall slides
• Strengthening Exercises: Quadriceps sets, straight leg raises, mini-squats
• Balance and Proprioception: Gentle weight shifting and supported standing exercises
3. Rehabilitation Phase (3–8 Weeks Post-Injury/Surgery)
• Progressive Strengthening: Resistance bands, leg presses, hamstring curls
• Functional Training: Step-ups, lunges, partial squats, and gait training
• Sport-Specific Drills: For athletes, gradual introduction to running, cutting, or jumping
4. Return-to-Activity Phase
• Advanced Strength and Conditioning: Plyometric exercises, agility training
• Balance and Stability Drills: Single-leg balance, wobble board exercises
• Full Functional Recovery: Safe return to sports, daily activities, and work tasks
Practical Tips for Patients
• Follow the physiotherapist’s program strictly to avoid setbacks.
• Avoid sudden movements or twisting during early recovery.
• Gradually increase intensity as strength and stability improve.
• Use supports or braces if recommended during the rehabilitation phase.
• Monitor swelling and pain; report any unusual symptoms promptly.
Case Example (Illustrative)
A 28-year-old football player underwent ACL reconstruction after a knee injury. Physiotherapy included:
• Early passive and assisted range of motion exercises
• Quadriceps and hamstring strengthening
• Balance and proprioception training
• Sport-specific agility drills
After 6 months, he regained full knee stability, strength, and returned to competitive football without restrictions.
Benefits of Physiotherapy in Knee Injuries
• Reduced pain and inflammation
• Restoration of range of motion and flexibility
• Improved strength, balance, and stability
• Faster return to daily and sports activities
• Reduced risk of re-injury or long-term complications
• Enhanced confidence in knee function
Conclusion
Physiotherapy is a key component in the management of knee injuries, including meniscus tears, ligament injuries, and post-surgical rehabilitation. A structured, phased rehabilitation program focusing on pain management, range of motion, strengthening, balance, and functional training ensures optimal recovery. Consistent physiotherapy not only restores knee function but also prevents future injuries and promotes long-term joint health.
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